emf

This study exposed mice continuously for 30 days to either a static magnetic field (SMF) or a 50 Hz extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) — the same frequency used by power lines — and then measured a range of blood and liver markers to see if the fields produced biological changes. (PubMed)

The main finding was that both kinds of magnetic exposure produced measurable signs of stress in the animals. Mice that were exposed lost weight gradually and showed changes in blood chemistry that point to liver stress: blood levels of glucose and total protein fell, and some liver-related enzyme activities changed (for example, alkaline phosphatase activity decreased while lactate dehydrogenase in serum and liver and γ-glutamyl transferase in the liver increased). The liver also showed evidence of oxidative damage — higher levels of lipid peroxidation and an increase in some detoxifying enzyme activity (glutathione-S-transferase) while the liver’s main antioxidant, glutathione, was reduced. In the immune system the researchers saw reduced numbers of several immune cell types (fewer monocytes, platelets and peripheral lymphocytes, and lower splenic T and B lymphocyte counts), while the proportion of granulocytes went up. Taken together, the authors concluded that continuous exposure to these magnetic fields disturbed the balance between oxidants and antioxidants (redox balance), producing oxidative stress and physiological disturbances in mice. (PubMed)

What this means for health is limited but important to understand: these are controlled experiments in mice under continuous exposure for a month, not studies of people living their normal lives. The results show that, in this animal model and under these specific exposure conditions, magnetic fields can trigger oxidative stress, alter liver function markers and change immune cell counts — findings that suggest a biological effect worth further study. However, you cannot directly assume the same effects would happen in humans at typical environmental exposure levels without additional research (different species, exposure patterns, doses and longer follow-up would be needed). In short: the paper provides evidence that continuous ELF-EMF or SMF exposure caused liver-related stress and immune changes in mice, which raises questions that deserve more study before drawing conclusions about everyday human health. (PubMed)

Here are some literal short quotes from the actual paper’s abstract that highlight the key health-related findings, written exactly as they appear (keeping within safe quoting limits), with simple explanations right after each one:

Quoted text from the paper:

“The results showed a gradual body weight loss when mice were exposed to either field.” (PubMed)
This means that mice exposed continuously to either the static magnetic field or the 50 Hz electromagnetic field lost weight over the 30-day exposure period — a sign that something in the body’s normal biological regulation was affected. (PubMed)

“A significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity was demonstrated in serum and liver…” (PubMed)
Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that tends to rise in the blood and liver when cells are stressed or damaged. An increase here suggests that the tissues were responding to stress. (PubMed)

“…with a significant elevation in hepatic γ-glutamyl transferase activity.” (PubMed)
γ-Glutamyl transferase (GGT) is another liver enzyme often linked with liver stress or altered metabolism when its levels go up. (PubMed)

“The glutathione-S-transferase activity and lipid peroxidation level in the liver were significantly increased…” (PubMed)
Glutathione-S-transferase is part of the body’s mechanism for dealing with oxidative chemicals, and lipid peroxidation is a sign that fats in liver cells were being damaged by unstable, reactive molecules — both of which point toward oxidative stress. (PubMed)

“…while a significant decrease in hepatic glutathione content was recorded.” (PubMed)
Glutathione is one of the body’s main antioxidants. A drop in glutathione levels means the liver’s defenses against oxidative damage were lower after exposure. (PubMed)

“A significant decrease in the counts of monocytes, platelets, peripheral lymphocytes… was observed…” (PubMed)
This tells us that several components of the immune system (white blood cells involved in defense and platelets involved in clotting) were reduced in the exposed mice. (PubMed)

“…the granulocytes percentage was significantly increased.” (PubMed)
Granulocytes are another white blood cell type; a higher percentage can mean an alteration or imbalance in immune response after exposure. (PubMed)

“The results indicate that there is a relation between the exposure to SMF or ELF-EMF and the oxidative stress…” (PubMed)
This is the authors’ own summary statement: the changes they measured — enzyme shifts, antioxidant drops, immune cell changes — together suggest the mice experienced oxidative stress when exposed to these fields. (PubMed)

In simpler terms: the study found that mice continuously exposed to a static magnet field or a power-line style 50 Hz magnetic field for 30 days showed weight loss, signs of liver stress, reduced antioxidant defenses, and changes in immune blood cells. The authors interpret these changes as evidence of oxidative stress, where the body’s balance between harmful reactive molecules and its ability to neutralize them was disturbed. (PubMed)

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(Study : Assessment of biological changes of continuous whole body exposure to static magnetic field and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in mice )

Fifty hertz (50 Hz) is the frequency of the alternating current used for electric power in many countries. Whenever electricity flows in wires and appliances at that frequency it produces two closely linked things: an electric field (related to voltage) and a magnetic field (related to current). Common everyday sources of 50 Hz fields are power lines, home wiring and household appliances; the strength of the field depends a lot on how close you are and how much current is flowing. (Organisation Mondiale de la Santé)

What high levels of 50 Hz fields do is fairly well understood: very strong fields can directly stimulate nerves and muscles or cause tiny shocks and burns. International expert panels have set exposure limits so that these immediate, short-term effects do not occur in workers or the public. In other words, there are levels where we know harm can happen, and safety guidelines (for example from ICNIRP) are designed to keep public and occupational exposures far below those thresholds. (icnirp.org)

The big scientific question has been whether long-term, low-level exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields (the kind you get living near power lines or using electrical appliances) causes chronic disease. The clearest finding from epidemiology is a small, consistent association seen in some studies between higher residential magnetic fields and childhood leukemia. Based on that evidence the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2B). Importantly, this classification means that an association has been observed, but it does not prove cause-and-effect and the mechanism is unknown. Later reviews and meta-analyses continue to describe this as an open but limited concern. (publications.iarc.who.int)

For most other diseases—heart disease, adult cancers, chronic fatigue, reproductive problems and the like—large reviews by health agencies conclude that the evidence does not show a causal effect of everyday 50 Hz exposures. In short: apart from the unresolved (and relatively small) question about childhood leukemia, long-term low-level ELF exposure has not been shown to cause other health problems. That is why public health bodies recommend continued research and sensible exposure limits rather than concluding there is widespread harm. (Organisation Mondiale de la Santé)

There are also contexts where low-frequency magnetic fields are used on purpose in medicine. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) devices — often operating in low frequency ranges that can include around 50 Hz — have been cleared for specific uses such as helping some non-healing bone fractures. These are controlled therapeutic exposures with specific devices and treatment schedules, not the same thing as accidental background exposure from wiring or power lines. (PMC)

If you are worried about everyday exposure, two simple facts are useful: typical background magnetic fields in homes are very small (commonly around 0.01–0.2 microtesla), while the guideline limits for protecting against established short-term effects are many times higher. Because field strength falls off quickly with distance, practical steps—placing beds away from heavy wiring, avoiding prolonged close contact with running high-current appliances, or increasing distance from a strong source—reduce exposure effectively. Policy makers and utilities also use design and siting rules to keep community exposure low. (greenfacts.org)

To summarise in plain language: 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields are everywhere electricity is used. Very strong 50 Hz fields (Immediate biological effects (nerve and muscle stimulation) start to become possible at roughly 10–20 millitesla (mT), which is 100–200 gauss.) can cause immediate biological effects, and rules exist to prevent those. At the low levels most people experience every day, the only repeatedly observed possible association is with childhood leukemia, and that link remains uncertain and not proven to be causal. For most other health problems there is no convincing evidence of harm from everyday 50 Hz exposure, and some controlled medical devices intentionally use similar low-frequency fields for healing. If you have specific local concerns—very high readings in a workplace or near a new transmission line—measurements and advice from local health or radiation protection authorities are the next practical step. (icnirp.org)

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The healing benefits observed with low-voltage electrical stimulation depend on several carefully controlled parameters.

Clinically effective protocols often use frequencies between 1 and 200 Hz, depending on the goal—lower frequencies (1–20 Hz) are generally used for stimulating endorphin release and modulating inflammation, while mid-range frequencies (around 50–100 Hz) are sometimes used for promoting circulation and muscle activation. In wound healing applications, frequencies around 50 Hz are common.

The intensity (or voltage) is usually kept low, typically under 100 volts, and in microcurrent applications (used for tissue repair), the current is even lower—often in the range of 10 to 600 microamperes (µA), which is far below the threshold of muscle contraction. This is believed to encourage ATP production and cellular regeneration without triggering stress responses.

The duration of exposure in clinical settings ranges from 20 to 60 minutes per session, usually 1 to 2 times per day over several days or weeks, depending on the condition being treated. Longer-term improvements often require repeated application rather than one-time use.

Electrode placement is also crucial. For healing effects, electrodes are usually placed near or around the injury site, ensuring that current flows through the affected tissue. In some studies, pulsed direct current (PDC) or biphasic square waves are used for better tissue compatibility.

Importantly, these parameters have been optimized through clinical testing in settings like hospitals and physical therapy clinics—not all devices replicate them accurately. So while the body can respond positively to properly applied electrical stimulation, the effect is dose- and protocol-dependent, and not all EMF or frequency-based devices apply these parameters effectively.

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Here are some additional studies and findings related to the therapeutic potential of non-pulsed (continuous-wave) electromagnetic fields (EMFs):

1. Comparative Study on Continuous vs. Pulsed EMF Exposure

A study published in Scientific Reports investigated the effects of EMF exposure generated by a prototype wireless charging system on four human cell lines, including both normal (HDFa, NHA) and tumor (SH-SY5Y, T98G) cells. The EMFs operated in the 87–207 kHz frequency range, with magnetic flux densities of 1.3–1.7 mT. The study compared pulsed exposure (6 × 10 min) with continuous exposure (1 × 60 min) and assessed various cellular parameters such as morphology, viability, and oxidative stress. The results indicated no significant negative effects on either normal or tumor cells, suggesting that short-term exposure to both pulsed and continuous EMFs at these parameters is biologically safe.

2. V-EMF Therapy (Biodermogenesi) for Skin Regeneration

V-EMF therapy, also known as Biodermogenesi, combines electromagnetic fields (0.5–2 MHz), vacuum, and low-intensity electrostimulation to promote skin regeneration. Clinical studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in treating various skin conditions, including stretch marks, scars, and skin aging. The therapy has been shown to stimulate collagen production, improve skin elasticity, and enhance tissue repair processes.

3. Alternating Electric Field Therapy (Tumor Treating Fields)

Alternating electric field therapy, or Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields), employs very-low-intensity, intermediate-frequency alternating electric fields (100–300 kHz) to disrupt cancer cell division. By interfering with mitotic processes, TTFields have been shown to inhibit tumor growth in glioblastoma and other cancers. Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of TTFields in extending progression-free and overall survival in patients with glioblastoma.

4. Entropy-Based Anticancer Therapy Using Low-Frequency EMFs

A theoretical study proposed that low-frequency, low-intensity EMFs could reverse the direction of entropy flow between cancerous and healthy cells. By increasing the entropy production rate in normal cells, EMF exposure may prevent the propagation of harmful information from cancer cells to healthy tissues, potentially serving as a novel anticancer therapy.

5. Non-Invasive Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment via EMFs

Research has explored the use of electromagnetic fields in conjunction with optomechanics and microtubule dynamics for non-invasive cancer diagnostics and treatment. The study suggests that EMFs can influence the mechanical properties of microtubules, which are critical for cell division, thereby offering a potential avenue for cancer therapy without the side effects associated with traditional treatments.

These studies highlight the diverse therapeutic applications of continuous-wave EMFs across various medical fields. While further research is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms and optimize treatment protocols, the existing evidence underscores the potential of non-pulsed EMFs in promoting health and treating diseases.

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Here's a focused text summarizing the most interesting scientific experiments and findings regarding non-pulsed (continuous-wave) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure and its potential therapeutic effects:

Exploring Therapeutic Potential of Non-Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields: Experimental Findings and Emerging Evidence

While pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy has been studied and utilized in clinical settings for decades, recent research has begun to explore whether non-pulsed (continuous-wave) electromagnetic fields—those that deliver steady sinusoidal or modulated waveforms—might also have therapeutic effects. Unlike PEMF, continuous EMFs do not turn on and off in bursts, but instead provide a constant signal at a given frequency and amplitude. Though more limited in scope and number, several studies have investigated how such fields influence biological processes in cells, animals, and even small-scale human experiments. These findings, while preliminary, suggest potential bioactive effects worth further investigation.

One important line of research comes from in vitro studies on cell proliferation. A 2006 study by Park et al. exposed human cells—including osteoblasts, neuroblastoma cells, and other human cancer lines—to a 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field at 2 millitesla (mT). The results showed a frequency-dependent stimulation of cell growth, particularly in human osteoblasts and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. This finding suggests that even a continuous, low-frequency EMF can influence fundamental processes like mitosis and differentiation in specific cell types.

Similarly, a 2024 study on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells found that exposure to a continuous 15 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field (0.4–1 mT) enhanced differentiation into osteoblasts. This effect was mediated through upregulation of genes such as Runx2 and osteocalcin, which are essential for bone formation. Notably, these results occurred without pulsing the field—highlighting the possibility that constant EM signals, under certain conditions, may modulate stem cell fate and tissue regeneration.

Another notable example of continuous-wave EMF research involves amplitude-modulated radiofrequency (RF) signals. In a series of experiments beginning in the early 2000s, Dr. Boris Pasche and colleagues explored whether low-intensity continuous RF fields, modulated at patient-specific frequencies, could affect cancer biology. Using a 27.12 MHz carrier wave—commonly used in medical diathermy—they modulated the signal with frequencies thought to correspond to various tumor types. Laboratory results showed that these signals selectively inhibited cancer cell proliferation in vitro without affecting normal cells. In limited pilot studies, Pasche’s team also reported tumor regression in some patients exposed to the modulated RF via an intraoral probe. Though these results are controversial and have not been widely replicated, they offer a rare example of targeted, continuous-wave EMF therapy showing biological effects under controlled experimental conditions.

Outside of direct cellular experiments, animal studies have also explored non-pulsed EMF exposure. For instance, in models of neurodegeneration and epilepsy, low-frequency continuous EMFs (e.g., 50–60 Hz) have been found to modulate oxidative stress pathways, inflammatory markers, and neuronal excitability. However, these results remain mixed and often depend heavily on the duration, strength, and frequency of the exposure.

It is also worth noting that while many of these studies use steady sinusoidal waveforms, the effects appear to be frequency-specific—that is, biological systems may respond differently to 15 Hz than to 60 Hz, even when the waveform and amplitude remain constant. This implies that frequency tuning could be an important variable in future therapies based on continuous EMF.

Despite the potential, these studies are still in early stages. Unlike PEMF devices, which have received regulatory approval for uses like bone healing, continuous-wave EMF treatments remain largely experimental. Their biological mechanisms are not fully understood, and clinical trials are scarce. Still, the existing research challenges the notion that pulsing is always required for EMFs to have therapeutic effects. Instead, it suggests that carefully selected non-pulsed EMFs might influence cell function, gene expression, and possibly tissue repair—though much more research is needed to establish safety, reproducibility, and therapeutic value.

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Prompt : In the text " Bioelectromagnetics Applications in Medicine " (1995), by Beverly Rubik, Ph.D., Robert O. Becker, M.D., Robert G. Flower, M.S., Carlton F. Hazlewood, Ph.D., Abraham R. Liboff, Ph.D., and Jan Walleczek, Ph.D.), it is written : " Low-level PEMFs have typically been shown to suppress levels of melatonin (...) if melatonin can be suppressed by certain magnetic. " Can you write a factual scientific based text explaining this ? Add your sources for each fact if possible.

ChatGPT-4 : Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) have been widely studied for their effects on biological systems, including their influence on melatonin levels in the human body. Melatonin is a hormone primarily produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness, playing a critical role in regulating the circadian rhythm and acting as a potent antioxidant in cellular protection. Research suggests that exposure to low-level PEMFs can lead to the suppression of melatonin production, though the exact mechanisms behind this effect remain an area of ongoing investigation.

One proposed mechanism is that magnetic fields interact with the pineal gland’s ability to synthesize melatonin, potentially by disrupting the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), a key enzyme in melatonin biosynthesis. This was supported by research from Wilson et al. (1990), which found that exposure to electromagnetic fields reduced NAT activity and subsequently lowered melatonin levels in animal models (Wilson et al., "Chronic Exposure to 60-Hz Magnetic Fields: Effects on Pineal Function in the Rat," Bioelectromagnetics, 1990). Similarly, Graham et al. (1996) demonstrated that human subjects exposed to 50- and 60-Hz magnetic fields exhibited a measurable decrease in melatonin production, suggesting a physiological response that is not merely species-specific (Graham et al., "Human melatonin during continuous magnetic field exposure," Bioelectromagnetics, 1996).

Another hypothesis is that PEMFs may interfere with the body's natural electromagnetic signaling, which is crucial for maintaining homeostasis in neuroendocrine function. The pineal gland has been found to be highly sensitive to electromagnetic fields, given its role in responding to light cues and regulating sleep-wake cycles (Reiter, "The Pineal Gland and Its Hormones in the Control of Brain and Body Functions," Physiol Rev, 1991). Exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields could potentially disrupt the normal oscillatory behavior of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) within pinealocytes, which play a role in melatonin secretion (Liboff et al., "Cyclotron Resonance and Electromagnetic Bioeffects," Bioelectromagnetics, 1987).

While some studies suggest that PEMFs could be used therapeutically, particularly in pain management and bone healing, concerns remain about their long-term effects on melatonin and circadian regulation. A review by Henshaw and Reiter (2005) examined the potential health implications of chronic exposure to electromagnetic fields, particularly regarding sleep disorders and an increased risk of certain cancers, due to prolonged melatonin suppression (Henshaw & Reiter, "Do Magnetic Fields Cause Increased Risk of Childhood Leukemia via Melatonin Disruption?" Bioelectromagnetics, 2005).

Overall, the evidence supports the idea that low-level PEMF exposure can influence melatonin production, but the exact biological mechanisms and health consequences require further study. Whether this effect is beneficial or detrimental depends on factors such as exposure duration, frequency, and individual susceptibility.

(...)  The research suggesting that low-level electromagnetic fields can suppress melatonin is generally referring to exposure to continuous or environmental EMFs rather than the pulsed fields used therapeutically. Studies have demonstrated that prolonged exposure to low-frequency environmental EMFs—often in the range of 50 to 60 Hz—can influence the activity of the pineal gland, thereby reducing melatonin production. For example, research by Wilson et al. (1990) on rats and investigations into human exposure have shown that such environmental fields might interfere with melatonin synthesis, possibly through effects on the enzyme systems involved in its production (Wilson et al., Bioelectromagnetics, 1990; Reiter, Physiol Rev, 1991).

In contrast, therapeutic PEMF devices are carefully engineered to deliver specific pulsed patterns with controlled intensities and exposure durations, which are generally considered safe when used according to established protocols. The pulsed nature of these fields can be significantly different from the continuous exposure scenarios that have been linked to melatonin suppression. In essence, while both PEMFs and environmental EMFs are forms of electromagnetic radiation, the risk of melatonin suppression is more closely associated with certain types of continuous or uncontrolled low-frequency EMF exposures rather than the pulsed, controlled exposures used in therapeutic settings.

Thus, it is not that PEMFs inherently do not affect melatonin, but rather that the effects on melatonin are largely dependent on the characteristics of the electromagnetic field, such as its frequency, intensity, duration, and the mode of exposure. Properly designed PEMF therapy typically avoids the parameters that have been associated with melatonin suppression, whereas environmental EMF exposure might reach those levels under certain conditions.

Q : Is there a risk for health caused by power lines ? According to an article titled "Bioelectromagnetics Applications in Medicine", these hazards may include an increased risk in children of developing leukemia

A : The potential health risks associated with exposure to power lines have been a topic of scientific investigation for decades. Power lines emit low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs), and concerns have arisen about their potential biological effects, particularly with regard to cancer risk. Studies, including those referenced in the article "Bioelectromagnetics Applications in Medicine," suggest that there may be an association between prolonged exposure to power line EMFs and an increased risk of certain health conditions, such as childhood leukemia.

The primary focus of concern is the extremely low-frequency (ELF) EMFs generated by power lines, typically in the range of 50-60 Hz. Unlike ionizing radiation (such as X-rays or gamma rays), ELF-EMFs lack sufficient energy to break chemical bonds or directly damage DNA. However, some studies have reported correlations between higher exposure levels and an increased incidence of childhood leukemia. For example, research by Bierbaum and Peters (1991), Nair et al. (1989), and Wilson et al. (1990a) highlights statistical associations between living near high-voltage power lines and a small but measurable increase in leukemia cases among children.

It is important to note that these studies often show correlation rather than causation. The biological mechanisms by which low-frequency EMFs could influence cancer development remain unclear. Some hypotheses suggest that EMFs might affect cellular processes, such as calcium signaling or melatonin production, potentially influencing cell growth or immune function. However, definitive experimental evidence supporting these mechanisms is lacking.

Comprehensive reviews by organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have evaluated the evidence. The IARC classified ELF-EMFs as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2B) based on limited evidence of an association with childhood leukemia. However, the overall risk appears to be low, and the scientific community remains divided on whether the observed associations reflect a true causal relationship or are influenced by confounding factors, such as socioeconomic status or other environmental exposures.

In conclusion, while some studies suggest a potential link between power line EMFs and an increased risk of childhood leukemia, the evidence is not conclusive, and the overall risk appears to be small. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms involved and to determine whether precautionary measures are necessary. For now, regulatory standards exist to limit EMF exposure, and living at a reasonable distance from high-voltage power lines is generally considered a prudent approach.

Differences between EMFs and PEMFs :

The difference in health effects between the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from power lines and the fields used in Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) therapy lies primarily in their frequency, intensity, exposure duration, and the way they interact with biological systems. While both involve electromagnetic energy, their characteristics and biological impacts are fundamentally different, which explains why one can potentially be harmful while the other is beneficial.

Power lines emit extremely low-frequency (ELF) EMFs, typically at 50-60 Hz. These fields are continuous, uniform, and of relatively low intensity. However, prolonged exposure to them can potentially affect biological systems in subtle and cumulative ways. Some researchers hypothesize that ELF-EMFs might interfere with biological signaling processes, such as calcium ion transport or melatonin regulation. These disruptions could, in theory, influence cell growth, immune function, or circadian rhythms, potentially increasing health risks like childhood leukemia in cases of long-term exposure. Importantly, these effects are not well understood, and the evidence is largely epidemiological, meaning it shows statistical correlations but not definitive causation.

On the other hand, PEMF therapy is designed to use specific frequencies, waveforms, and intensities that are carefully tuned to support the body’s natural healing processes. PEMF devices typically operate at frequencies between 1 Hz and 50 Hz—similar to those of power lines but delivered in short, controlled pulses rather than continuous exposure. The intensity of PEMF is also much lower and localized, meaning it targets specific areas of the body rather than exposing the entire organism. These pulses stimulate cellular activities, such as improving ion exchange across cell membranes, enhancing circulation, reducing inflammation, and promoting tissue repair.

The key difference lies in the controlled application of PEMF therapy, which uses therapeutic waveforms that have been shown to benefit biological systems, as opposed to the continuous and diffuse fields from power lines, which may inadvertently disrupt normal physiological functions. The body’s response to electromagnetic energy is highly sensitive to the frequency, intensity, and duration of exposure. While carefully applied EMFs can optimize cellular processes, unmanaged or chronic exposure to non-therapeutic EMFs may have unintended and potentially harmful consequences.

In summary, the health effects of EMFs depend on how they are delivered to the body. PEMF therapy employs precise, short-term stimulation that supports healing, whereas ELF-EMFs from power lines are diffuse, continuous, and less targeted, which could contribute to biological stress over time. This distinction underscores the importance of tailoring electromagnetic exposure to the body’s needs and avoiding unnecessary or excessive exposure to non-therapeutic fields.

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